Anti-vasa antibodies, and methods of production and use thereof

ABSTRACT

Anti-VASA antibodies (mAbs), particularly humanized mAbs that specifically bind to VASA with high affinity, are disclosed. The amino acid sequences of the CDRs of the light chains and the heavy chains, as well as consensus sequences for these CDRs, of these anti-VASA mAbs are provided. The disclosure also provides nucleic acid molecules encoding the anti-VASA mAbs, expression vectors, host cells, methods for making the anti-VASA mAbs, and methods for expressing the anti-VASA mAbs. Finally, methods of using the anti-VASA mAbs to isolate and/or purify cells expressing VASA are disclosed.

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.15/203,040, filed Jul. 6, 2016, which is a continuation of U.S.application Ser. No. 14/856,380, filed Sep. 16, 2015 (now U.S. Pat. No.9,403,913), which claims the benefit of priority of U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 62/089,054, filed Dec. 8, 2014, and U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 62/051,130, filed Sep. 16, 2014, the entire contents ofwhich are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present disclosure relates generally to antibodies, their productionand use. Specifically, the present disclosure pertains to antibodieswhich specifically bind to the human VASA protein, methods of producingsuch antibodies, and diagnostic, therapeutic and clinical methods ofusing such antibodies.

BACKGROUND

The VASA protein was identified in Drosophila as a component of thegermplasm that encodes a DEAD-family ATP-dependent RNA helicase (Lianget al. (1994), Development, 120:1201-11; Lasko et al. (1988) Nature335:611-17). The molecular function of VASA is directed to bindingtarget mRNAs involved in germ cell establishment, oogenesis, andtranslation onset (Gavis et al. (1996), Development 110:521-28). VASA isrequired for pole cell formation and is exclusively restricted to thegerm cell lineage throughout development.

Vasa homolog genes have been isolated in various animal species, andVASA can be used as a molecular marker for the germ cell lineage in mostanimal species (Noce et al. (2001), Cell Structure and Function26:131-36). Castrillon et al. (2000), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA)97(17):958590-9590, for example, demonstrated that the human Vasa geneis expressed in ovary and testis but is undetectable in somatic tissues.

The existence of mammalian female germline stem cells, also known asoogonial stem cells or ovarian stem cells (OSCs) or egg precursor cells,in the somatic tissue of mammalian ovaries was first described inJohnson et al. (2004), Nature 428:145-50, and has now been confirmed byother research groups (e.g., Zou et al. (2009), Nature Cell Biology,published online DOI: 10.1038/ncb1869; Telfer & Albertini (2012), NatureMedicine 18(3):353-4). The potential use of OSCs to produce oocytes foruse in artificial reproduction technologies (ART), including in vitrofertilization (IVF), or as sources of highly functional mitochondria formitochondrial transfer to oocytes, as well as the use of OSCs to treatvarious symptoms of menopause, have been described in the scientific andpatent literature (e.g., Tilly & Telfer (2009), Mol. Hum. Repro.15(7):393-8; Zou et al. (2009), supra; Telfer & Albertini (2012), supra;White et al. (2012), Nature Medicine 18(3):413-21; WO 2005/121321; U.S.Pat. No. 7,955,846; U.S. Pat. No. 8,652,840; WO2012/142500; U.S. Pat.No. 8,642,329 and U.S. Pat. No. 8,647,869).

When OSCs were first characterized by Johnson et (2004), supra, it wasdemonstrated that the cells expressed the VASA protein, and antibodiesagainst the VASA protein have been used to isolate OSCs from ovariantissue homogenates (e.g., Zou et al. (2009), supra; White et al. (2012),supra). Moreover, White et al. (2012), supra, demonstrated thatantibodies to an N-terminal domain of VASA could not be used to isolateviable VASA-expressing OSCs whereas antibodies to a C-terminal domaincould effectively isolate the cells, suggesting that the C-terminaldomain, but not the N-terminal domain, was extracellular and thusaccessible to the antibodies.

The production of anti-VASA polyclonal antibodies was first described inCastrillon et al. (2000), supra, and WO01/36445. Polyclonal antibodiesdirected to the C-terminal portion of human VASA protein arecommercially available from Abeam plc (Cambridge, UK; Product CodeAB13840), and R&D Systems, Inc. (Minneapolis, Minn.; Catalog No.AF2030), and a monoclonal antibody directed against the N-terminalportion of human VASA is also commercially available from R&D Systems,Inc. (Minneapolis, Minn.; Catalog No. AF2030).

There remains, however, a need for high affinity antibodies directed tothe C-terminal extracellular domain of VASA for identifying (e.g., byimmunohistochemistry or labeled antibodies) and isolating (e.g., bymagnetic or fluorescence activated cell sorting) cells, including butnot limited to OSCs, expressing VASA.

SUMMARY

Anti-VASA antibodies (mAbs), particularly humanized mAbs thatspecifically bind to VASA with high affinity, are disclosed. The aminoacid sequences of the CDRs of the light chains and the heavy chains, aswell as consensus sequences for these CDRs, of these anti-VASA mAbs areprovided. The disclosure also provides nucleic acid molecules encodingthe anti-VASA mAbs, expression vectors, host cells, methods for makingthe anti-VASA mAbs, and methods for expressing the anti-VASA mAbs.Finally, methods of using the anti-VASA mAbs to isolate and/or purifycells expressing VASA are disclosed.

These and other aspects and embodiments of the disclosure areillustrated and described below. Other systems, processes, and featureswill become apparent to one with skill in the art upon examination ofthe following drawings and detailed description. It is intended that allsuch additional systems, processes, and features be included within thisdescription, be within the scope of the present invention, and beprotected by the accompanying claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 provides the amino acid sequence of the human VASA proteinisoform 1 from GenBank Accession from NP_077726 (SEQ ID NO: 1).

FIG. 2 provides the amino acid sequence of the mouse VASA homologprotein isoform 1 from GenBank Accession from NP_01139357 (SEQ ID NO:2).

FIG. 3 provides an amino acid alignment between the C-terminal portionof the human VASA protein (residues 690-724 of SEQ ID NO: I) and themouse VASA homolog (residues 691-728 of SEQ ID NO: 2).

FIG. 4A shows the region of the C-terminal domains of the VASA/DDX4polypeptide that is reactive with an antibody of the invention and thecontrol antibody (AB13840, Abeam plc, Cambridge, UK) and FIG. 4B showsbinding of the control antibody to the VASA protein and the V1 and V2polypeptides.

FIG. 5A shows dose response binding curves of the affinity for VASA of1E9 and 1A12; and FIG. 5B shows the results of ELISA assays with theVASA, V1 and V2 peptides that suggest that 1E9 binds the same epitope asthe commercially available rabbit polyclonal antibody (AB13840, Abeamplc, Cambridge, UK). NC=negative control; VASA=SEQ ID NO: 1 residues700-724; VASA-1=V1 or SEQ ID NO: 1 residues 712-721; VASA-2=V2 or SEQ IDNO: 1 residues 700-709.

FIG. 6A shows dose response binding curves of the affinity for VASA ofthe IgG and scFv-Fc forms of 1E9; and FIG. 6B shows the results of ELISAassays of the binding of the IgG and scFv-Fc forms of 1E9 with the VASA,V1 and V2 peptides. NC=negative control; VASA=SEQ ID NO: 1 residues700-724; VASA-1=V1 or SEQ ID NO: 1 residues 712-721; VASA-2=V2 or SEQ IDNO: 1 residues 700-709.

FIG. 7A shows the results of binding experiments with three anti-VASAhybridoma antibodies (2M1/1K3, 2M1/1K23 and M1/1L5) and two negativecontrols (2M1/1F5 and 2M1/1H5) which are not VASA-specific; FIG. 7Bshows close response curves of four VASA-specific hybridoma antibodies(2M1/1K3, 2M1/1K23 and 2M1/1L5) compared to 1E9-lambda; and FIG. 7Cshows dose response curves of the VASA-specific hybridoma antibody2M1/2K4 compared to 1E9-lambda.

FIG. 8 shows the result of subtyping analysis for anti-VASA antibodiesfrom eight hybridomas (2M1/1L20, 2M1/1J20, 1M1/1C9, 2M1/1N3, 2M1/1K23,1M1/1L5 and 2M1/2K4).

FIGS. 9A-9B show alignments of some of the VL sequences of the anti-VASAinvention. The figure indicates the approximate locations of the threeCDR regions (bold, underscore) and the SEQ ID NO corresponding to eachsequence.

FIGS. 10A-10B show alignments of some of the VH sequences of theanti-VASA invention. The figure indicates the approximate locations ofthe three CDR regions (bold, underscore) and the SEQ ID NO correspondingto each sequence.

FIG. 11 shows alignments of the unique CDR sequences of the VL regionsof FIG. 9.

FIG. 12 shows alignments of the unique CDR sequences of the VH regionsof FIG. 10.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present disclosure relates to isolated antibodies (Abs),particularly Abs that bind specifically to VASA with high affinity. Incertain embodiments, the anti-VASA Abs are derived from particular heavyand light chain sequences and/or comprise particular structuralfeatures, such as CDR regions comprising particular amino acidsequences. This disclosure provides isolated anti-VASA Abs, methods ofmaking such anti-VASA Abs, immunoconjugates and bispecific moleculescomprising such anti-VASA Abs, and methods of expressing such anti-VASAAbs. This disclosure also relates to methods of using the anti-VASA Absto isolate and/or purify cells expressing VASA, including mammalianfemale germline stem cells or oogonial stem cells (OSCs) or eggprecursor cells and their progenitor cells.

In order that the present disclosure may be more readily understood,certain terms are defined. Additional definitions are set forththroughout the detailed description.

Definitions

The term “antibody” or abbreviation “Ab,” as used herein, includes wholeantibodies and any antigen binding fragment (i.e., “antigen-bindingportion”) or single chains thereof, with or without nativeglycosylation. A complete “antibody” refers to a glycoprotein comprisingat least two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chains inter-connectedby disulfide bonds or an antigen binding portion thereof. Each heavychain includes a heavy chain variable region (V_(H)) and a heavy chainconstant region. The heavy chain constant region is comprised of threedomains, C_(H1), C_(H2), and C_(H3). Each light chain includes a lightchain variable region (V_(L)) and a light chain constant region with onedomain, C_(L). The V_(H) and V_(L) regions can be further subdividedinto complementarity determining regions (CDR) and framework regions(FR). The V_(H) and V_(L) regions each include three CDRs, designatedCDR1, CDR2 and CDR3, that interact with an antigen (e.g., VASA).

The term “antigen-binding portion” of an antibody, as used herein,refers to one or more fragments of an antibody that retain the abilityto specifically bind to an antigen (e.g., VASA). Examples of bindingfragments encompassed within the term “antigen-binding portion” of anantibody include a Fab fragment, F(ab′)₂ fragment, Fab′ fragment. Fdfragment, Fv fragment, scFv fragment, dAb fragment, and an isolated CDR.

The term “monoclonal antibody” or “monoclonal antibody preparation,” asused herein, refers to a preparation of antibody molecules consistingessentially of antibodies having a single heavy chain amino acidsequence and a single light chain amino acid sequence (but which mayhave heterogeneous glycosylation).

The term “humanized antibody,” as used herein, includes antibodieshaving constant region and variable region framework regions (FRs) butnot CDRs derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequences.

The term “recombinant antibody,” as used herein, includes all antibodiesprepared, expressed, created, or isolated by recombinant means. Incertain embodiments, recombinant antibodies are isolated from a hostcell transformed to express the antibody (e.g., from a transfectoma). Inother embodiments, recombinant antibodies are isolated from arecombinant, combinatorial antibody library, such as a phage displaylibrary. Recombinant antibodies may also be prepared, expressed,created, or isolated by any other means that involve splicing of humanimmunoglobulin gene sequences to other DNA sequences.

The term “isotype,” as used herein, refers to the heavy chain class(e.g., IgA, IgE, IgG, and IgM for human antibodies) or light chain class(e.g., kappa or lambda in humans) encoded by the constant region genes.The term “subtype” refers to subclasses within the subtype (e.g., IgA₁,IgA₂, IgG₁, IgG₂, IgG₃, IgG₄ in humans).

The phrase “an antibody specific for” a specified antigen is usedinterchangeably herein with the phrase “an antibody which specificallybinds to” a specified antigen. As used herein, the term “K_(a)” refersto the association rate and the term “K_(d)” to the dissociation rate ofa particular antibody-antigen complex. The term “K_(D)” refers to thedissociation constant, which is obtained from the ratio of K_(d) toK_(a) and expressed as a molar concentration (M). According to someembodiments, an antibody that “specifically binds to human VASA” isintended to refer to an antibody that binds to human VASA with a K_(D)of 5×10⁻⁸ M or less, more preferably 1×10⁻⁸ M or less.

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill inthe art to which this invention belongs. Although methods and materialssimilar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in thepractice or testing of the present invention, suitable methods andmaterials are described below. All publications, patent applications,patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated byreference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the presentspecification, including definitions, will control. In addition, thematerials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intendedto be limiting.

Anti-VASA Antibodies

The invention provides a variety of new antibodies with high affinityagainst the human VASA protein, particularly the C-terminal region. Theantibodies may comprise the complete VH and VL regions disclosed herein,or may comprise only the CDR sequences disclosed herein. In addition,based upon CDR sequences disclosed herein, sequence motifs for CDRsequences are provided, and the antibodies may comprise CDR sequencesdefined by the motifs.

The CDR sequences of the invention (including both the CDRs disclosed inFIGS. 11 and 12 and the CDRs defined by the sequence motifs disclosedherein) can be combined with other immunoglobulin sequences according tomethods well known in the art to produce immunoglobulin molecules withantigen-binding specificity determined by the CDRs of the invention.

In some embodiments, the CDRs of the invention are combined withframework region (FR) and constant domain (CH or CL) sequences fromother antibodies. For example, although some of the CDRs disclosedherein are derived from murine hybridomas and have murine FR andconstant domain sequences, they can be recombined with human or othermammalian FR and constant domain sequences to produce humanized or otherrecombinant antibodies. The production of such recombinant antibodies iswell known to those of skill in the art and requires only routineexperimentation.

The type of constant regions included in such recombinant antibodies canbe chosen according to their intended use. For example, if theantibodies are intended for therapeutic use to target VASA-expressingcells for destruction, heavy chain constant domains (i.e., Fc regions)of IgG subtypes can be used. If the antibodies are intended only asreagents for labeling cells (e.g., for fluorescence-activated cellsorting (FACS)), a complete antibody, antigen binding fragment (Fab),single-chain variable fragment (Fsc), single domain antibody (sdAb) oreven non-antibody immunoglobulin molecule (e.g., an MHC receptorextracellular domain) can be used with the CDRs of the invention.

The CDRs of the invention can be selected independently such that theCDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 sequences of a given variable light (VL) chain orvariable heavy (VH) chain can be chosen from different original VL andVH chains, from different VL and VH CDR motifs, or from a combination ofthe disclosed CDRs and motifs. However, sequences for light chain CDRsshould be selected from the disclosed VL CDRs or VL CDR motifs, andsequences for heavy chain CDRs should be selected from the disclosed VHCDRs or VH CDR motifs. Similarly, the sequences for CDR1 regions shouldbe selected from the disclosed CDR1 or CDR1 motif sequences, thesequences for CDR2 regions should be selected from the disclosed CDR2 orCDR2 motif sequences, and the sequences for CDR3 regions should beselected from the disclosed CDR3 or CDR3 motif sequences, for VL or VHchains as appropriate.

Methods of Using Anti-VASA Antibodies to Detect or Isolate Cells

The anti-VASA antibodies of the invention can be used in standardmethods of immunoaffinity purification, immunohistochemistry andimmunotherapy, but with specific application to cells and tissueexpressing the VASA protein.

For example, the anti-VASA antibodies of the invention can be used toisolate cells expressing VASA from a mixed population of cells includingonly a fraction of cells that express VASA. For example, female germlinestem cells or oogonial stem cells or their precursors have beendiscovered to be present in ovarian tissue at very low proportions.Ovarian tissue (e.g., ovarian surface epithelial and/or cortex) can beexcised, dissociated into individual cells, and subjected to techniquessuch as FACs using fluorescently-labeled anti-VASA antibodies orimmunoaffinity purification using immobilized anti-VASA antibodies. Theisolated VASA-expressing cells have various utilities in assistedreproductive technologies, as described above.

Alternatively, immunohistochemistry may be performed using the anti-VASAantibodies of the invention to identify cells or tissues expressing VASAand/or to quantify VASA expression in such cells.

In addition, the anti-VASA antibodies of the invention can be usedtherapeutically to target VASA-expressing cells for destruction eitherby antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) or immunotoxinscomprising anti-VASA antibodies of the invention conjugated to radio- orchemo-toxic moieties. Antibody-drug conjugates of the anti-VASAantibodies of the invention could also be used to deliver therapeuticdrugs to VASA-expressing cells.

Nucleic Acid Molecules Encoding Anti-VASA Antibodies

The invention also provides nucleic acid molecules encoding theanti-VASA antibodies of the invention. Such nucleic acids can bedesigned using standard tables for the universal genetic code to choosecodons which will encode the desired amino acid sequence, or specializedcodon tables can be used that reflect codon biases characteristic ofdifferent organisms. Thus, for example, to optimize expression of theanti-VASA antibodies of the invention in CHO cells, a nucleic acidencoding the desired antibody can be designed using a codon tableoptimized for CHO cells.

The nucleic acids encoding the anti-VASA antibodies of the invention canbe included in a wide variety of vectors known in the art, includingcloning vectors (e.g., bacterial or mammalian cloning vectors),transformation vectors (e.g., homologous recombination, viralintegration or autonomously replicating vectors) and expression vectors(e.g., high copy number, inducible or constitutive mammalian expressionvectors)

Cells Expressing Anti-VASA Antibodies

Also provided are host cells expressing heterologous sequences encodingthe anti-VASA antibodies of the invention. Such host cells can be usefulfor commercial production of the anti-VASA antibodies of the invention,and can be produced by transforming appropriate host cells withexpression vectors described above.

In some embodiments the invention provides mammalian cells, includingCHO cells, expressing the anti-VASA antibodies of the invention.However, those of skill in the art can express the antibodies in avariety of host cells, including bacterial, yeast, insect and mammaliansystems. See, e.g., Verma et al. (1998), J. Immunol. Methods216(1-2):165-81, incorporated by reference in its entirety herein.

EXAMPLES Immunogenic Peptides

The following peptides were used as immunogens to generate antibodiesagainst the C-terminal domain of human VASA and to screen for antibodieswith high affinity binding to VASA:

(SEQ ID NO: 1 residues 712-721) VASA-1 (V1) immunogen: SQAPNPVDDE(SEQ ID NO: 1 residues 700-709) VASA-2 (V2) immunogen: GKSTLNTAGF

As shown in FIG. 3, these immunogens comprise amino acid sequences fromthe C-terminal domain of VASA that are highly conserved between thehuman VASA protein and the mouse VASA homolog.

Hybridoma Generation

Hybridomas were formed in separate experiments with the VASA peptideimmunogens V1 and V2 (above). Peptides were conjugated to carrierproteins by standard methods. Conjugated peptides were used to immunizemice, and to increase the immune response through boosting with theconjugated peptide. Following a period of increased antibody titer inthe sera, animals were sacrificed and spleens removed. Splenic B cellswere fused to mouse fusion partner cell lines (SP2-0) for isolation andcloning. Hybridomas were formed by outgrowth at limiting dilution, andclones were developed by cloning titration experiments. The presence ofVASA-reactive antibodies was examined by ELBA assays. Hybridomas werederived by outgrowth and stabilization of cells plated at limitingdilution cell cloning.

The binding of the VASA-reactive antibodies in the region of theC-terminal domains of the VASA/DDX4 polypeptide was compared with thebinding control antibodies (AB13840, Abcam plc, Cambridge, UK) todelineate the similarity of the binding epitopes. Exemplary results areshown in FIG. 4.

Analysis of Hybridomas

Hybridomas were injected intraperitoneally into mice and, after allowingfor a period of growth, ascites fluid was collected and purified, allusing standard procedures, and then analyzed by ELISA.

Binding of the ascites-derived antibodies to the VASA, VASA-1 and VASA-2polypeptides was used to select antibodies for further analysis. Forexample, as shown in FIG. 7, the binding of four anti-VASA hybridomaantibodies (2M1/1K3, 2M1/1K23, 2M1/1L5 and 2M1/2K4) were compared to twonegative controls (2M1/1F5 and 2M1/1H5) which are not VASA-specificand/or to the 1E9-lambda antibody (described below).

Recombinant Library Panning

As an alternative to hybridoma technology, the generation of antibodiesagainst amino acid residues 700-724 of human VASA/DDX4 was conductedusing phage display technology. The phage display library was formedfrom a pool of normal B cells from ˜40 blood donors. Phage were used todisplay the scFv chain of an antibody

The results of panning the human naive say library against the VASA/DDX4700-724 peptide were as shown in Table 1 below:

TABLE 1 Titer of output Titer of rescued Peptide Round phage (cfu/ml)phage (cfu/ml) ELISA results VASA 1^(st) 10⁷ 10¹³ / 2^(nd) 10⁷ 10¹³ /3^(rd) 10⁷ 10¹² No positive clones 4^(th) 10⁷ 10¹³ Two positive clones5^(th) 10⁷ 10¹³ Several positive clones 6^(th) 10⁷ / /

ELISA results of single colonies identified after 3 and 4 rounds ofselection are shown in Tables 2-4 below. Two clones were of note: “1A12”(plate 1, row A, column 12) and “1E9” (plate 1, row E, column 9).

TABLE 3 plate 2-after 4 round of selection 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12VASA peptide A. 0.052 0.045 0.053 0.045 0.051 0.045 0.046 0.044 0.0490.044 0.045 0.050 B. 0.049 0.051 0.051 0.045 0.042 0.054 0.046 0.0450.055 0.045 0.048 0.053 C. 0.048 0.047 0.048 0.054 0.051 0.047 0.0470.045 0.047 0.052 0.051 0.055 D. 0.062 0.050 0.048 0.047 0.059 0.0560.059 0.063 0.048 0.057 0.052 0.061 E. 0.047 0.042 0.042 0.045 0.0510.041 0.047 0.042 0.044 0.052 0.050 0.054 F. 0.047 0.049 0.040 0.0420.046 0.043 0.046 0.042 0.052 0.045 0.051 0.054 G. 0.047 0.052 0.0450.041 0.039 0.051 0.048 0.049 0.052 0.043 0.054 0.050 H. 0.055 0.0480.054 0.042 0.043 0.048 0.048 0.049 0.051 0.051 0.048 0.054 non-relevantpeptide A. 0.047 0.053 0.050 0.042 0.053 0.053 0.041 0.043 0.042 0.0530.053 0.054 B. 0.052 0.053 0.054 0.054 0.053 0.043 0.043 0.045 0.0530.045 0.055 0.054 C. 0.052 0.047 0.054 0.053 0.055 0.045 0.045 0.0430.053 0.055 0.057 0.053 D. 0.047 0.049 0.054 0.056 0.047 0.049 0.0540.051 0.056 0.062 0.065 0.062 E. 0.052 0.045 0.042 0.045 0.041 0.0510.040 0.047 0.041 0.056 0.053 0.054 F. 0.052 0.053 0.041 0.045 0.0520.053 0.054 0.052 0.533 0.049 0.045 0.053 G. 0.051 0.053 0.049 0.0500.051 0.043 0.049 0.052 0.053 0.053 0.054 0.051 H. 0.055 0.052 0.0540.053 0.045 0.051 0.051 0.051 0.052 0.062 0.054 0.053

TABLE 4 plate 3-after 4 rounds of selection 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12VASA peptide A. 0.074 0.052 0.058 0.076 0.052 0.063 0.052 0.055 0.0400.052 0.054 0.072 B. 0.047 0.041 0.052 0.064 0.072 0.051 0.059 0.0480.053 0.048 0.054 0.053 C. 0.051 0.042 0.042 0.044 0.053 0.056 0.0520.048 0.044 0.048 0.060 0.056 D 0.057 0.049 0.045 0.051 0.053 0.0460.067 0.047 0.046 0.046 0.059 0.058 E. 0.054 0.046 0.042 0.126 0.0410.047 0.051 0.040 0.042 0.043 0.048 0.073 F. 0.077 0.045 0.040 0.0470.042 0.040 0.042 0.039 0.041 0.053 0.051 0.051 G. 0.178 0.056 0.0440.041 0.051 0.050 0.055 0.042 0.042 0.051 0.044 0.052 H. 0.054 0.0420.045 0.041 0.049 0.039 0.045 0.089 0.050 0.051 0.061 0.055 non-relevantpeptide A. 0.050 0.056 0.055 0.049 0.053 0.055 0.051 0.059 0.051 0.0440.047 0.054 B. 0.058 0.075 0.061 0.064 0.073 0.061 0.053 0.054 0.0590.056 0.059 0.063 C. 0.076 0.056 0.053 0.054 0.056 0.053 0.053 0.0530.057 0.063 0.049 0.061 D. 0.069 0.052 0.052 0.058 0.056 0.048 0.0590.059 0.056 0.052 0.051 0.056 E. 0.047 0.056 0.050 0.118 0.063 0.0670.052 0.053 0.054 0.053 0.056 0.054 F. 0.053 0.054 0.054 0.052 0.0540.054 0.053 0.053 0.043 0.056 0.046 0.056 G. 0.063 0.056 0.054 0.0450.045 0.049 0.050 0.053 0.053 0.052 0.055 0.053 H. 0.058 0.055 0.0540.047 0.053 0.048 0.050 0.051 0.054 0.053 0.053 0.058

ELISA results of single colonies identified after 5 rounds of selectionare shown in Tables 5-7 below. Clones of note included 1A11, 1B4, 1B7,1D4, 1D5, 1E2, 1E3, 1F7, 1G3, 1G12, 2B8, 2C7, 2E11, 2F1, 2G8, 2G-10,2H9, 3B2, 3B5, 3B7, 3D11, 3E5, 3E12, 3F6 and 3H11.

Clones shown in bold were PCR amplified.

Conversion to scFv-Fc Fusion and Expression in Mammalian Cells

After 5 rounds of panning, DNA digestion patterns showed that manyclones from the 5^(th) round of panning were the same, indicating thatadditional rounds of selection and ELISA analysis were not needed.

Two unique clones (1A12, 1E9) were selected for conversion to scFv-Fcfusions for expression in mammalian cells and for ELISA and FACSanalysis. FIG. 5A shows dose response binding curves that indicated that1E9 had an EC50 of 0.02779 nM and 1A12 had an EC50 of 0.2156 nM. Inaddition, FIG. 5B shows the results of ELISA assays with the V1 and V2VASA peptides which suggest that 1E9 binds the same epitope as thecommercially available rabbit polyclonal antibody (AB13840, Abcam plc,Cambridge, UK).

Two different forms of the 1E9 antibody were compared: IgG and scFv-Fc.As shown in FIG. 6A, 1E9 IgG had an EC50 of 0.08919 nM and the 1E9scFv-Fc had an EC50 of 0.3072 nM. In addition, as shown in FIG. 6B, bothforms were specific towards the VASA-1 epitope.

Synthetic Antibody Gene Production

The following steps were employed to produce synthetic antibody genes:

(1) Subtype determination of hybridoma antibodies. The IgG subtypes ofthe hybridoma antibodies were determined using commercially availablekits according to manufacturer's protocols (e.g., Mouse MonoclonalAntibody Isotyping Kit, Catalog No. MMT1, AbDSerotech, Kidlington, UK).FIG. 8 shows the result of subtyping analysis for anti-VASA antibodiesfrom eight hybridomas (2M1/1L20, 2M1/1J20, 1M1/1C9, 2M1/1N3, 2M1/1K23,1M1/1L5 and 2M1/2K4). All of the antibodies were IgG(, IgG2a or IgG2b.

(2) Degenerate primer synthesis. Based on the subtype information forthe eight hybridoma antibodies tested, degenerate primers for mouse IgGVH and VL were designed using sequence information from a mouse IgGdatabase (i.e., the International Immunogenetics Information System® orIMGT database; see Lefranc et al. (2003), Leukemia 17:260-266, andAlamyar et al. (2012), Methods Mol. Biol. 2012; 882:569-604). Tendegenerate forward primers were designed and synthesized for the VHchain and ten for the VL chain (9 for kappa and one for lambda chains).In addition, two degenerate reverse primers for the VH chain (one forthe IgG1 and IgG2b subtypes, and one for the IgG2a subtype) and five forthe VL chain (four for kappa and one for lambda chains) were designedand synthesized.

(3) RNA extraction, amplification, cloning and sequencing. RNA wasextracted from hybridoma cells by standard techniques, first strand cDNAsynthesis was performed by standard techniques using gene-specific andoligo(dT) primers, and the cDNA was amplified using gene-specificprimers. The amplified DNA was then ligated into a commerciallyavailable bacterial cloning vector (pMD18-T, Sino Biological, Inc.,Beijing, China). Standard methodologies were conducted to transform theligation products into E. coli DH5a, and to sequence positive clones.

Antibody Sequence Analyses

Clones producing potentially useful anti-Vasa antibodies were DNAsequenced and the corresponding amino acid sequences were deduced.Sequences are disclosed for eight antibodies derived from the hybridomasdescribed above (i.e., 1N23, 1K23, 2K4, 1C9, 1J20, 1L20, 1K3, 1L5), fouradditional antibodies derived from hybridomas produced under contract(i.e., CTA4/5, CTB4/11, CTC2/6, CTD2/6) and two antibodies derived fromphage display (i.e., 1A12 and 1E9).

Variable Light Chain Sequences

VL of 1N23. Positive VL clones from the 1N23 hybridoma were sequencedand six were found to encode functional VL chains. These six clones weredesignated 1N23VL5-5, 1N23VL5-8_0816, 1N23VL1-8, 1N23VL1-2_0820,1N23VL1-4_0820 and 1N23VL1-2.

VL of 1K23. Positive VL clones from the 1K23 hybridoma were sequencedand four were found to encode functional VL chains. These four cloneswere designated 1K23VL2-5, 1K23VL2-6, 1K23VL2-8_0822 and 1K23VL2-3_0829.

VL of 2K4. Positive VL clones from the 2K4 hybridoma were sequenced andeight were found to encode functional VL chains. These eight clones weredesignated 2K4VL1-3_0820, 2K4VL1-4, 2K4VL1-1, 2K4VL1-6_0820,2K4VL2-5_0816, 2K4VL2-4, 2K4VL2-6_0816 and 2K4VL2-5.

VL of 1C9. Positive VL clones from the 1C9 hybridoma were sequenced andthree were found to encode functional VL chains. These three clones weredesignated 1C9VL2-4, 1C9VL2-6 and IC9VL2-3_0816.

VL of 1J20. Positive VI clones from the 1J20 hybridoma were sequencedand three were found to encode functional VL chains. These three cloneswere designated 1J20VL5-2_0907, 1J20VL5-6_0907 and 1J20VL4-3_0901.

VL of 1L20. Positive VL clones from the 1L20 hybridoma were sequencedand one was found to encode a functional VL chain. That clone wasdesignated 1L20VL5-0912_091.

VL of 1K3. Positive VL clones from the 1K3 hybridoma were sequenced andfour were found to encode functional VL chains. These four clones weredesignated 1K3VL2-5, 1K3VL2-5, 1K3VL2-3 and 1K3VL2-4.

VL of 1L5. Positive VL clones from the 1L5 hybridoma were sequenced andtwo were found to encode functional VL chains. These two clones weredesignated 1L5VL2-4 and 1L5VL3-1.

Additional VLs. VL sequences were obtained for four additional hybridomaantibodies designated CTA4_VL, CTB4_VL, CTC6_CTD6_VL.

VL Sequence Alignments. Alignments of all of the VL sequences describedabove are shown in FIG. 9. The figure indicates the approximatelocations of the three CDR regions (bold, underscore) and the SEQ ID NOcorresponding to each sequence.

Unique VL CDR Sequences. Alignments of the unique CDR sequences of theVLs of FIG. 9 are shown in FIG. 11. Of the 34 VL sequences, there areonly 5 unique CDR1 sequences, 6 unique CDR2 sequences and 8 unique CDR3sequences, as shown in FIG. 11.

VL CDR Consensus Sequences. Based on the sequences disclosed in FIG. 11,as well as structure/function characteristics of the naturally occurringamino acids, consensus sequences for the VL CDRs can be determined.

One consensus sequence is VL CDR1 Motif 1:

(SEQ ID NO: 132) X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆ X₇ X₈ X₉ X₁₀ X₁₁where X₁ is Q, N, K, R, S or T; X₂ is S, T, C, N or Q; X₃ is I, L, V, Mor A; X₄ is V, L, I, M, A or absent; X₅ is H, K, R or absent; X₆ is S,T, C or absent; X₇ is N, Q or absent; X₈ is G, A or absent; X₉ is N orQ; X₁₀ is T, S, C, N or Q; and X₁₁ is Y, F or W. In some embodiments, X₁is limited to Q, K or S; and/or X₂ is limited to S or N; and/or X₃ islimited to I or L; and/or X₄ is limited to V, L or absent; and/or X₅ islimited to H or absent; and/or X₆ is limited to S or absent; and/or X₇is limited to N or absent; and/or X₈ is limited to G or absent; and/orX₉ is limited to N; and/or X₁₀ is limited to T, S or N; and/or X₁₁ islimited to Y or F. In some embodiments, the subsequence X₁ X₂ X₃ islimited to Q N I; in some embodiments, the subsequence X₁ X₂ X₃ islimited to Q S L; and in some embodiments, the subsequence X₁ X₂ X₃ islimited to K S L. In addition, in some embodiments, when X₁ X₂ X₃ is Q SL or Q N I, then X₄ is V; whereas in other embodiments, when X₁ X₂ X₃ isK S L, then X₄ is L. In some embodiments, when X₉ X₁₀ is N T, then X₁₁is Y.

Noting in particular that the VL CDR1 sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 86-88 arequite distinct from the others in FIG. 11, an alternative consensussequence is VL CDR1 Motif 2:

(SEQ ID NO: 133) X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆ X₇ X₈ X₉ X₁₀ X₁₁where X₁ is Q, N, K or R; X₂ is S, T, C, N or Q; X₃ I, L, V, M or A; X₄is V, L, I, M or A; X₅ is H, K or R; X₆ is S, T or C; X₇ is N or Q; X₈is G or A; X₉ is N or Q; X₁₀ is T, S or C; and X₁₁ is Y, F or W. In someembodiments, X₁ is limited to Q or K; and/or X₂ is limited to S or N;and/or X₃ is limited to I or L; and/or X₄ is limited to V or L; and/orX₅ is limited to H; and/or X₆ is limited to S; and/or X₇ is limited toN; and/or X₈ is limited to G; and/or X₉ is limited to N; and/or X₁₀ islimited to T; and/or X₁₁ is limited to Y. In some embodiments, thesubsequence X₁ X₂ X₃ is limited to Q N I; in some embodiments, thesubsequence X₁ X₂ X₃ is limited to Q S L; and in some embodiments, thesubsequence X₁ X₂ X₃ is limited to K S L. In addition, in someembodiments, When X₁ X₂ X₃ is Q S L or Q N I, then X₄ is V; whereas inother embodiments, when X₁ X₁ X₂ X₃ is K S L, then X₄ is L. In someembodiments, when X₉ X₁₀ is N T, then X₁₁ is Y.

For the VL CDR2, one consensus sequence is VL CDR2 Motif 1:

(SEQ ID NO: 134) Y₁ Y₂ Y₃where Y₁ is K, R or H; Y₂ is V, I, L, M, A, T, S or C; and Y₃ is S, T,C, N or Q. In some embodiments, Y₂ is limited to V, I, M or I; and/or Y₃is limited to S or N.

Noting in particular that the VL CDR2 sequences of SEQ ID NO: 94 isquite distinct from the others in FIG. 11, an alternative consensussequence is VL CDR2 Motif 2:

(SEQ ID NO: 135) Y₁ Y₂ Y₃where Y₁ is D or E; Y₂ is N or Q; and Y₃ is N or Q. In some embodiments,Y₁ is limited to D; and/or Y₂ is limited to N; and/or Y₃ is limited toN.

Similarly, noting that the VL CDR2 sequences of SEQ ID NO: 95 is quitedistinct from the others in FIG. 11, an alternative consensus sequenceis VL CDR2 Motif 3:

(SEQ ID NO: 136) Y₁ Y₂ Y₃where Y₁ is Q or N; Y₂ is D or E; and Y₃ is K, R or H. In someembodiments, Y₁ is limited to Q; and/or Y₂ is limited to D; and/or Y₃ islimited to K.

For the VL CDR3, one consensus sequence is VL CDR3 Motif 1:

(SEQ ID NO: 137) Z₁ Z₂ Z₃ Z₄ Z₅ Z₆ Z₇ Z₈ Z₉ Z₁₀where Z₁ is S, T, C, F, Y, M, L, V, I or A; Z₂ is Q, N, S, T or C; Z₃ isS, T, C, G, A, H, K, R, Q, N, F or F; Z₄ is A, G, S, T, C, L, I, V, M, Dor E; Z₅ is K, R, E, D, S, T or C; Z₆ is V, L, I, M, A, Y, F, W, S, T orC; Z₇ is P, S, T, C or absent; Z₈ is S, T, C or absent; Z₉ is W, P, L,I, V, M, A, F, or Y; and Z₁₀ is T, S, C, V, L, I, M, A. In someembodiments, Z₁ is limited to S, F, M or L; and/or Z₂ is limited to Q orS; and/or Z₃ is limited to S, G, H, Q or Y; and/or Z₄ is limited to A,S, T, L, or D; and/or Z₅ is limited to H, E, D or S; and/or Z₆ islimited to V, Y, F, or S; and/or Z₇ is limited to P, S or absent; and/orZ₈ is limited to S or absent; and/or Z₉ is limited to W, P, L or F;and/or Z₁₀ is limited to T or V.

Noting in particular that the VL CDR3 sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 96-98have a positive charge at position Z₅ whereas the others in FIG. 11 donot, an alternative consensus sequence is VL CDR3 Motif 2:

(SEQ ID NO: 138) Z₁ Z₂ Z₃ Z₄ Z₅ Z₆ Z₇ Z₈ Z₉ Z₁₀where Z₁ is S, T, C, F or Y; Z₂ is Q or N, Z₃ is S, T, C, G or A; Z₄ isA, G, S, T or C, Z₅ H, K or R; Z₆ is V, L, I, M or A; Z₇ is P or absent;Z₈ is absent; Z₉ is W, P, L, I, V, M, A, F or Y; and Z₁₀ S, or C. Insome embodiments, Z₁ is limited to S or F; and/or Z₂ is limited to Q;and/or Z₃ is limited to S or G; and/or Z₄ is limited to A, S or T;and/or Z₅ is limited to H; and/or Z₆, is limited to V; and/or Z₇ islimited to P or absent; and/or Z₈ is limited to absent; and/or Z₉ islimited to W, P, L or F; and/or Z₁₀ is limited to T.

Noting in particular that the VL CDR3 sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 99-102have a negative charge at position Z₅ whereas the others in FIG. 11 donot, an alternative consensus sequence is VL CDR3 Motif 3:

(SEQ ID NO: 139) Z₁ Z₂ Z₃ Z₄ Z₅ Z₆ Z₇ Z₈ Z₉ Z₁₀where Z₁ is M, C, L, V, A; Z₂ is Q or N; Z₃ is H, K, R, Q, N, A, Y or F;Z₄ is L, I, V, M, A, D or E; Z₅ is E or D; Z₆ is Y or F; Z₇ is P; Z₈ isabsent; Z₉ is W, P, L, V, M, A, F or Y; and Z₁₀ is T, S, or C. In someembodiments, Z₁ is limited to M or L; and/or Z₂ is limited to Q; and/orZ₃ is limited to H, Q, G or Y; and/or Z₄ is limited to L or D; and/or Z₅is limited to E or D; and/or Z₆ is limited to Y or F; and/or Z₇ islimited to P; and/or Z₈ is limited to absent; and/or Z₉ is limited to W,P, L or F; and/or Z₁₀ is limited to T.

Noting in particular that the VL CDR3 sequence of SEQ ID NO: 103 isquite distinct from the others in FIG. 11, an alternative consensussequence is VL CDR3 Motif 4:

(SEQ ID NO: 140) Z₁ Z₂ Z₃ Z₄ Z₅ Z₆ Z₇ Z₈ Z₉ Z₁₀where Z₁ is S, T or C; Z₂ is S, T or C; Z₃ is Y or F; Z₄ is T, S, or C;Z₅ is S, T or C; Z₆ is S, T or C; Z₇ is S, T or C; Z₈ is S, T or C; Z₉is W, P, F or Y; and Z₁₀ is V, L, I, M, A, T, S or C. In someembodiments, Z₁ is limited to S or T; and/or Z₂ is limited to S or T;and/or Z₃ is limited to Y; and/or Z₄ is limited to T or S; and/or Z₅ islimited to S or T; and/or Z₆ is limited to S or T; and/or Z₇ is limitedto S or T; and/or Z₈ is limited to S or T; and/or Z₉ is limited to W, Por F; and/or Z₁₀ is limited to V, L, I, T or S. In some embodiments, Z₁is limited to S; and/or Z₂ is limited to S; and/or Z₃ is limited to Y;and/or Z₄ is limited to T; and/or Z₅ is limited to S; and/or Z₆ islimited to S; and/or Z₇ is limited to S; and/or Z₈ is limited to S;and/or Z₉ is limited to W; and/or Z₁₀ is limited to V.

Finally, noting in particular that the VL CDR3 sequence of SEQ ID NO:104 is quite distinct from the others in FIG. 11, an alternativeconsensus sequence is VL CDR3 Motif 5:

(SEQ ID NO: 141) Z₁ Z₂ Z₃ Z₄ Z₅ Z₆ Z₇ Z₈ Z₉ Z₁₀where Z₁ is Q or N; Z₂ is A or G; Z₃ is W, Y or F; Z₄ is D or E; Z₅ isS, T or C; Z₆ is R, K or H; Z₇ is T, S or C; Z₈ is V, I, L, M or A; Z₉is V, I, L, M or A; and Z₁₀ is I, L, V, M or A. In some embodiments, Z₁is limited to Q; and/or Z₂ is limited to A; and/or Z₃ is limited to W;and/or Z₄ is limited to D; Z₅ is limited to S; and/or Z₆ is limited toR; and/or Z₇ is limited to T; and/or Z₈ is limited to V; and/or Z₉ islimited to V; and/or Z₁₀ is limited to I.

Variable Heavy Chain Sequences

VH of 1N23. Positive VH clones from the 1N23 hybridoma were sequencedand all four were found to encode functional VH chains. These fourclones were designated 1N23VH3-5, 1N23VH3-7, 1N23VH2-1 and 1N23VH1-5.

VH of 1K23. Positive VH clones from the 1K23 hybridoma were sequencedand six were found to encode functional VH chains. These six clones weredesignated 1K23VH2-1_0910, 1K23VH1-4_0907, 1K23VH1-10_0907,1K23VH8-4_0907, 1K23VH8-5_0907 and 1K23VH8-9_0907.

VH of 2K4. Positive VH clones from the 2K4 hybridoma were sequenced andfour were found to encode functional VH chains. These four clones weredesignated 2K4VH3-8, 2K4VH2-8, 2K4VH1-1 and 2K4VH1-4.

VH of 1C9. Positive VH clones from the 1C9 hybridoma were sequenced andeight were found to encode functional VL chains. These eight clonesincluded four unique sequences which are designated 1C9VH2-404-8_1024,1C9VH2-405-12_1024, 1C9VH2-411-1_1024 and 1C9VH2-406-4_1024.

VH of 1J20. Positive VH clones from the 1J20 hybridoma were sequencedand two were found to encode functional VH chains. These two clones weredesignated 1J20VH1-7_0910 and 1J20VH1-1-6_0829.

VH of 1L20. Positive VH clones from the 1L20 hybridoma were sequencedand three were found to encode functional VH chains. These three cloneswere designated 1L20VH2-3_0903, 1L20VH2-1_0907 and 1L20VH₂-3_0910.

VH of 1K3. Positive VH clones from the 1K3 hybridoma were sequenced andfive were found to encode functional VH chains. These five clones weredesignated 1K3VH6-7, 1K3VH6-8_0816, 1K3VH3-4, 1K3VH3-4 and1K3VH3-3_0816.

VH of 1L5. Positive VH clones from the 1L5 hybridoma were sequenced andnine were found to encode functional VH chains, These nine clones weredesignated 1L5VH003-5-8_0907, 1L5VH003-6-3_0907, 1L5VH001-7-6_0907,1L5VH001-6-5_0907, 1L5VH001-6-11_0907, 1L5VH003-6-2_0910,1L5VH₀₀₁-6-12_0907, 1L5VH003-3-4_0907 and 1L5VH003-3-8_0907.

Additional VHs. VH sequences were obtained for four additional hybridomaantibodies designated CTA5_VH, CTB11_VH, CTC2_VH, CTD2_VH.

VH Sequence Alignments. Alignments of all of the VH sequences describedabove are shown in FIG. 10. The figure indicates the approximatelocations of the three CDR regions (bold, underscore) and the SEQ ID NOcorresponding to each sequence.

Unique VH CDR Sequences. Alignments of the unique CDR sequences of theVHs of FIG. 10 are shown in FIG. 12. Of the 43 VH sequences, there areonly 8 unique CDR1 sequences, 9 unique CDR2 sequences and 10 unique CDR3sequences, as shown in FIG. 12.

VH CDR Consensus Sequences. Based on the sequences disclosed in FIG. 12,as well as structure/function characteristics of the naturally occurringamino acids, consensus sequences for the VH CDRs can be determined.

For the VH CDR1, one consensus sequence is VH CDR1 Motif 1:

(SEQ ID NO: 142) X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8where X₁ is G or A; X₂ is Y, F, W, D or E; X₃ is T, S, C or M; X₄ is F,Y, W, V, L, I, M or A; X₅ is T, S, C, N, or Q; X₆ is S, T, C, A or G; X₇is Y, F, W, N, Q, G or A; and X₈ is W, A, G, Y or F. In someembodiments, X₁ is limited to G; and/or X₂ is limited to Y, F or D;and/or X₃ is limited to T or S; and/or X₄ is limited to F or V; and/orX₅ is limited to T, S or N; and/or X₆ is limited to S, T or A; and/or X₇is limited to Y, F, N or G; and/or X₈ is limited to W, A or Y. In someembodiments, the subsequence X₁ X₂ X₃ is limited to G Y T; and in someembodiments, the subsequence X₁ X₂ X₃ is limited to G F T. In addition,in some embodiments, the subsequence X₁ X₇ X₈ is limited to S Y W.

Noting in particular that the VH CDR1 sequence of SEQ NOs: 109-110 and112 are quite distinct from the others in FIG. 12, an alternativeconsensus sequence is VH CDR1 Motif 2:

(SEQ ID NO: 143) X₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆ X₇ X₈where X₁ is G or A; X₂ is Y, F or W; X₃ is T, S, C or M; X₄ is F, Y orW; X₅ T, S or C; X₆ is S, T or C; X₇ is Y, F or W; and X₈ is W. In someembodiments, X₁ is limited to G; and/or X₂ is limited to Y or F; and/orX₃ is limited to T or S; and/or X₄ is limited to F; and/or X₅ is limitedto T or S; and/or X₆ is limited to S or T; and/or X is limited to Y orF; and/or X₈ is limited to W. In some embodiments, the subsequence X₁ X₂X₃ is limited to G Y T; and in some embodiments, the subsequence X₁ X₂X₃ is limited to G F T. In addition, in some embodiments, thesubsequence X₁ X₇ X₈ is limited to S Y W.

For the VH CDR2, one consensus sequence is VH CDR2 Motif 1:

(SEQ ID NO: 144) Y₁ Y₂ Y₃ Y₄ Y₅ Y₆ Y₇ Y₈ Y₉ Y₁₀where Y₁ is I, L, V, M or A; Y₂ is Y, F, H, R, K, S or T; Y₃ is P, S, T,Y, F, R, K or H; Y₄ is G, A, S, T, K, R, H, D or E; Y₅ is T, S orabsent; Y₆ is R, K, H or absent; Y₇ is N, Q, D, E, G, A or absent; Y₈ isG, A, S, T, or F; Y₉ is D, E, G, N or Q; and Y₁₀ is T, S, I, L, V, M, A,K, R or H. In some embodiments, Y₁ is limited to I; and/or Y₂ is limitedto Y, H, R, K or S; and/or Y₃ is limited to P, S, Y or R; and/or Y₄ islimited to G, S, K or D; and/or Y₅ is limited to T or absent; and/or Y₆is limited to R or absent; and/or Y₇ is limited to N, D, G or absent;and/or Y₈ is limited to G, A, S or Y; and/or Y₉ is limited to D, E, A orN; and/or Y₁₀ is limited to T, I or K.

Noting in particular that the VH CDR2 sequence of SEQ 1113 NO: 120-121are quite distinct from the others in FIG. 12, an alternative consensussequence is VH CDR2 Motif 2:

(SEQ ID NO: 145) Y₁ Y₂ Y₃ Y₄ Y₅ Y₆ Y₇ Y₈ Y₉ Y₁₀where Y₁ is I, L, V, M or A; Y₂ is Y, F, H, R, K, S or T; Y₃ is P, S, T,Y or F; Y₄ is G, A, S, T, K, R or H; Y₅ is T, S or absent; Y₆ is R, K, Hor absent; Y₇ is N, Q, D, E or absent; Y₈ is G, A, S, T, Y or F; Y₉ isD, E, G, N or Q; and Y₁₀ is T, S, L, V, M or A. In some embodiments, Y₁is limited to I; and/or Y₂ is limited to Y, H, R or S; and/or Y₃ islimited to P, S or Y; and/or Y₄ is limited to G, S or K; and/or Y₅ islimited to T or absent; and/or Y₆ is limited to R or absent; and/or Y₇is limited to N, D or absent; and/or Y₈ is limited to G, A, S or Y;and/or Y₉ is limited to D, E, A or N; and/or Y₁₀ is limited to T or I.

For the VH CDR3, one consensus sequence is VH CDR3 Motif 1:

(SEQ ID NO: 146) Z₁ Z₂ Z₃ Z₄ Z₅ Z₆ Z₇ Z₈ Z₉ Z₁₀ Z₁₁ Z₁₂ Z₁₃ Z₁₄ Z₁₅where Z₁ is A, G, V, L, I or M; Z₂ is R, K, H, C or M; Z₃ is G, A, R, K,H, S, T, Y, F, W, D, E or absent; Z₄ is Y, F, W, N, Q, G, A, R, K, H orabsent; Z₅ is S, T, N, Q, E, D or absent; Z₆ is D, E or absent; Z₇ is L,I, V, M, A, S, T or absent; Z₈ is L, I, V, M, A or absent; Z₉ is G, A,R, K, H or absent; Z₁₀ is I, L, V, M, A, N, Q, R, K, H or absent; Z₁₁ isA, M, F, Y, W, S, T, G or absent; Z₁₂ is W, Y, F, A, G or absent; Z₁₃ isF, Y, W, G, A, M or C; Z₁₄ is A, G, M, D, E, W, Y or F; and Z₁₅ is Y, F,W, G, A or V. In some embodiments, Z₁ is limited to A or V; and/or Z₂ islimited to R, K or C; and/or Z₃ is limited to G, R, S, Y, D or absent;and/or Z₄ is limited to Y, N, G, R or absent; and/or Z₅ is limited to S,N, E or absent; and/or Z₆ is limited to D or absent; and/or Z₇ islimited to L, S or absent; and/or Z₈ is limited to L or absent; and/orZ₉ is limited to G, R or absent; and/or Z₁₀ is limited to I, N, R, L orabsent; and/or Z₁₁ is limited to A, F, S, G or absent; and/or Z₁₂ islimited to W, Y, A or absent; and/or Z₁₃ is limited to F, Y, G or M;and/or Z₁₄ is limited to A, D, W or Y; and/or Z₁₅ is limited to Y, F, Wor G.

Although the disclosed subject matter has been described and illustratedin the foregoing exemplary embodiments, it is understood that thepresent disclosure has been made only by way of example, and thatnumerous changes in the details of implementation of the disclosedsubject matter may be made without departing from the spirit and scopeof the disclosed subject matter, which is limited only by the claimswhich follow.

1. A cell transformed with a nucleic acid molecule encoding animmunoglobulin heavy chain that specifically binds to a human VASAprotein, wherein the variable region of said immunoglobulin heavy chaincomprises: (i) a CDR1 region comprising an amino acid sequence selectedfrom the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 105-112; (ii) a CDR2 regioncomprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting ofSEQ ID NOs: 113-121; and (iii) a CDR3 region comprising an amino acidsequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 122-131. 2.The cell of claim 1, wherein said nucleic acid molecule is selected fromthe group consisting of a cloning vector, an expression vector, aheterologous recombination vector, and a viral integration vector. 3.The cell of claim 1, wherein said cell is a mammalian cell.
 4. The cellof claim 3, wherein said cell is a rodent cell.
 5. The cell of claim 3,wherein said cell is a Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell.
 6. The cell ofclaim 3, wherein said cell is a human cell.